http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization
http://www.fao.org/docrep/W7503E/w7503e00.htm#Contents
http://www.hrmguide.co.uk/hrm/chap4/ch4-links.html
http://www.oandp.com/articles/2006-02_03.asp
http://video.google.com/videosearch?rlz=1C1CHNG_enIN346IN346&sourceid=chrome&q=organisation#
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Autocratic Model
ReplyDeleteThe autocratic model depends on power. Those who are in command must have the power to demand “you do this-or else,” meaning that an employee who does not follow orders will be penalized.
In an autocratic environment the managerial orientation is formal, official authority. This authority is delegated by right of command over the people to it applies.
Under autocratic environment the employee is obedience to a boss, not respect for a manager.
The psychological result for employees is dependence on their boss, whose power to hire, fire, and “perspire” them is almost absolute.
The Custodial Model
A successful custodial approach depends on economic resources.
The resulting managerial orientation is toward money to pay wages and benefits.
Since employees’ physical needs are already reasonably met, the employer looks to security needs as a motivating force. If an organization does not have the wealth to provide pensions and pay other benefits, it cannot follow a custodial approach.
The custodial approach leads to employee dependence on the organization. Rather than being dependence on their boss for their weekly bread, employees now depend on organizations for their security and welfare.
Employees working in a custodial environment become psychologically preoccupied with their economic rewards and benefits.
As a result of their treatment, they are well maintained and contended. However, contentment does not necessarily produce strong motivation; it may produce only passive cooperation. The result tends to be those employees do not perform much more effectively than under the old autocratic approach.
The Supportive Model
The supportive model depends on leadership instead of power or money. Through leadership, management provides a climate to help employees grow and accomplish in the interests of the organization the things of which they are capable.
The leader assumes that workers are not by nature passive and resistant to organizational needs, but that they are made so by an inadequately supportive climate at work. They will take responsibility, develop a drive to contribute, and improve themselves if management will give them a chance. Management orientation, therefore, is to support the employee’s job performance rather than to simply support employee benefit payments as in the custodial approach.
Since management supports employees in their work, the psychological result is a feeling of participation and task involvement in the organization. Employee may say “we” instead of “they” when referring to their organization.
Employees are more strongly motivated than by earlier models because of their status and recognition needs are better met. Thus they have awakened drives for work.
The Collegial Model
A useful extension of the supportive model is the collegial model. The term “collegial” relates to a body of people working together cooperatively.
The collegial model depends on management’s building a feeling of partnership with employees. The result is that employees feel needed and useful. They feel that managers are contributing also, so it is easy to accept and respect their roles in their organization. Managers are seen as joint contributors rather than as bosses.
The managerial orientation is toward teamwork. Management is the coach that builds a better team
The employee’s response to this situation is responsibility. For example employees produce quality work not because management tells them to do so or because the inspector will catch them if they do not, but because they feel inside themselves an obligation to provide others with high quality. They also feel an obligation to uphold quality standards that will bring credit to their jobs and company.
The psychological result of the collegial approach for the employee is self-discipline. Feeling responsible, employees discipline themselves for performance on the team in the same way that the members of a football team discipline themselves to training standards and the rules of the game.
In this kind of environment employees normally feel some degree of fulfillment, worthwhile contribution, and self-actualization, even though the amount may be modest in some situation. This self-actualization will lead to moderate enthusiasm in performance.
The System Model
managers must increasingly demonstrate a sense of caring and compassion, being sensitive to the needs of a diverse workforce with rapidly changing needs and complex personal and family needs.
In response, many employees embrace the goal of organizational effectiveness, and reorganize the mutuality of company-employee obligations in a system viewpoint. They experience a sense of psychological ownership for the organization and its product and services.